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The use of animals in circuses, marine parks, rodeos, and roadside zoos faces mounting public backlash. Documentaries and undercover investigations have exposed the psychological trauma suffered by wild animals kept in captivity. Many jurisdictions have responded by banning wild animal acts or outlawing the captivity of specific species, like orcas and elephants, which cannot thrive in confined spaces. Companion Animal Welfare

The is the primary federal law in the United States regulating animal treatment [7, 44].

Technological innovation is providing a path to bypass animal exploitation entirely without requiring consumers to sacrifice familiar foods. The rise of plant-based meat alternatives and the commercialization of (meat grown directly from animal cells without raising or slaughtering animals) represent a massive paradigm shift. By removing the live animal from the supply chain, food technology offers a market-driven solution to both welfare and environmental crises. Conclusion

The journey toward a more compassionate world is not a straight line. Whether one leans toward the pragmatic improvements of animal welfare or the idealistic goals of animal rights, the objective remains the same: a recognition that we share this planet with billions of other sensing, feeling beings. The use of animals in circuses, marine parks,

Animal welfare operates on the premise that humans have the right to use animals for food, research, entertainment, and companionship, provided that the animals are treated humanely. The core objective is to minimize unnecessary suffering and maximize quality of life.

In The Case for Animal Rights , Regan argued from a deontological (duty-based) perspective. He stated that animals are "subjects-of-a-life" with inherent value. Because they have desires, perceptions, and a psychological identity over time, they cannot be used as a mere means to human ends. 3. Contemporary Issues in Animal Welfare and Rights

Article 13 of the Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognizes animals as "sentient beings," requiring member states to pay full regard to their welfare requirements in policy formulation. Companion Animal Welfare The is the primary federal

There is currently no binding global treaty on animal welfare. While organizations like WOAH set international standards for animal health, enforcement relies entirely on national legislation. Developing nations often face challenges enforcing animal cruelty laws due to limited resources, prioritizing economic development, or a lack of institutional infrastructure. Future Outlook: Technology and Ethics

Similarly, the Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP) in the United States has been fighting for years for habeas corpus (the right to challenge unlawful detention) for elephants and chimpanzees. In 2022, a court recognized two elephants, Happy and Jumbo, as legal persons for the purposes of their release hearing.

The keyword is not a single ideology but a spectrum. By removing the live animal from the supply

Legally, animals are property. If you hit a dog with your car, the dog’s "value" in court is its market price—usually zero for a mixed-breed stray. This property status is the single greatest barrier to justice.

Animals serve as models for human disease testing, drug development, and toxicity screening.

For much of Western history, anthropocentrism—the belief that humans are the central or most significant entities in the world—dominated thought. Aristotle posited a natural hierarchy where plants exist for animals, and animals exist for humans. In the 17th century, René Descartes infamously declared animals to be "automata" (machines without souls or consciousness), arguing they could not truly experience pain.

Human thought regarding animals has shifted dramatically across centuries, transitioning from mechanistic views to the recognition of sentience.

Providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area.

Preventing, predicting, preparing for, and responding to epidemics and pandemics

Session type: Multi-speaker symposium
Session will be a reflection of the roles and responsibilities of epidemiologists during the course of the pandemic, as well as lessons learnt will be important for management of future pandemics.

Meet the editors

Session type: Panel discussion
Session will involve engagement of Editors of epidemiology journals on how they promote inclusive publishing on their platforms and how far have they gone to include the rest of the world in their publications.

Old risk factors in the new era: tobacco, alcohol and physical activity

Session type: Multi-speaker symposium
Session will delve into the evolving landscape of traditional risk factors amid contemporary health challenges. The aim is to explore how the dynamics of tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical activity have transformed in the modern era, considering technological, societal, and cultural shifts.

Shafalika Goenka
(Public Health Foundation of India, India)

Katherine Keyes
(Columbia University, USA)

Lekan Ayo Yusuf
(University of Pretoria, SA)

Is it risky for epidemiologists to be advocates?

Session type: Debate
In the current climate, epidemiologists risk becoming non-neutral actors hampering their ability to do science as well as making them considered to be less reliable to the public.

Kalpana Balakrishnan
(Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, India)

Neal Pearce
(London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK)

The role of epidemiology in building responses to violence

Session type: Multi-speaker symposium
Violence has been given insufficient attention and priority in the arena of public health policy, partnerships and interventions. Session will explore what role can and will epidemiology play in improving responses to violence?

Zinzi Bailey
(University of Minnesota, USA)

Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco
(Violence Research Center of Universidad del Valle, Columbia)

Rachel Jewkes
(South African Medical Research Council, SA)

Ethics and epidemiology: conflicts of interest in research and service

Session type: Panel discussion
This session aims to dissect the complexities surrounding conflicts of interest in both research and public health practice, emphasising the critical need for transparency, integrity, and ethical decision-making.

Racial and ethnic classifications in epidemiology: global perspectives

Session type: Multi-speaker symposium
Session will explore the continued predominance of certain types of studies which influence global practice despite the lack of racial, ethnic and geographic diversity is a major weakness in epidemiology.

Critical reflections on epidemiology and its future

Session type: Panel discussion
Session will explore where is epidemiology headed, particularly given what field has been through in recent times? Is the field still fit for purpose? With all the new emerging threats, important to establish whether field is ready.

Teaching epidemiology: global perspectives

Session type: Panel discussion
Understanding how epidemiology is taught in different parts of the world is essential. Session will unpack why is epidemiology taught differently? Is it historical? Implications of these differences?

Na He
(Fudan University, China)

Katherine Keyes
(Columbia University, USA)

Noah Kiwanuka
(Makerere University, Uganda)

Miquel Porta
(Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Spain)

Pharmacoepidemiology: new insights and continuing challenges

Session type: Multi-speaker symposium
This session aims to explore recent advancements in studying the utilization and effects of medications on populations, addressing methodological innovations, and novel data sources.

Are traditional cohorts outdated?

Session type: Panel discussion
Session will explore the landscape of traditional cohort studies, touching on their continued relevance in the contemporary research landscape. What are the limitations of traditional cohorts, challenges in data collection, evolving research questions, and potential advancements in study designs.

Karen Canfell
(The Daffodil Centre, Cancer Council NSW/University of Sydney, Australia)

Mauricio Lima Barreto
(Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Brazil)

Naja Hulvej Rod
(University of Copenhagen, Denmark)

Yuan Lin
(Nanjing Medical University, China)

Have DAGs fulfilled their promise?

Session type: Debate
Critical reflection on why despite their importance in the Methods community, DAGs are not widely included in publications. Session will provide perspective on their utility in future research

Peter Tennant
(University of Leeds, UK)

Margarita Moreno-Betancur
(University of Melbourne, Australia)

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